Modernism in “A passage to India”

Modernism refers to a classification of literature that was written between 1914 and 1965.   E. M. Forster's A Passage to India was published in 1924, placing it in the early years of the Modernist Period as well as within the Georgian Age (Harmon 597).   In art and literature, Modernism paralleled the rise of industrial technology and advances in science. In music, atonalism – that is, music which deliberately avoids key centers and is often dissonant – was produced by composers such as Arnold Schoenberg. Visual art found expression in cubism. Theories by Sigmund Freud also had a powerful influence on this movement. In literature, the Modernistic writing style is characterized by breaking with tradition.   It is inner-self oriented, and that inner-self is often explored using a stream of consciousness manner.   Modernism rejects traditional values and assumptions.   The individual takes pride of place while the social and outward are cast aside.   Some scholars see Modernism as a reaction to the practical and systematic sensibilities of Realism and Naturalism (Harmon 326). Not surprisingly, the Modern Era was also when Existentialism came into prominence – a related philosophy in which human beings are expected to create their own meaning for existence.   Forster's â€Å"Oriental-leaning† characters in this novel provide examples of a Modernistic mindset contrasting with the traditional English Imperialist mindset provided by other characters. Forster uses the symbol of water to represent the idea of renewal in the â€Å"Temple† chapter. There is an event in which the Hindus are â€Å"preparing to throw God away† (Forster 308), and part of the ceremony involves a replica of the village of Gokul that is placed on a tray and is to perish.   Meanwhile, the British and others are in boats out in the water, observing the festivities, and the boats collide, expelling the passengers.   The symbolic village perishes so that it can be renewed, and is representative of the renewal of mindsets of some of the passengers in the boats. Aziz in particular in the latter portion of the â€Å"Temple† section, exhibits several examples of stream of consciousness thinking.   In one instance Fielding asks Aziz to meet with Stella and Ralph, and Aziz does not reply.   Instead, the reader is allowed into his thoughts, which are not linear but circular, and is one example of how a human mind jumps around from topic to feeling to emotion and back (Forster 314). Because Forster is examining traditional values through a Modernistic lens in this novel, material detail is much less important than what the characters are thinking.   The action in this story is in each character's mind, and how they grapple with new ideas concerning culture, religion, and morality. Professor Godbole and Mrs. Moore express their inner character and the workings of their minds in an â€Å"Oriental† manner, embodied in the Hindu sensibility.   Mrs. Moore, although a Christian, is accepted into Oriental culture, and she clashes with Heaslop prior to Aziz's trial.   Heaslop does not understand his mother because he does not recognize her spirituality, and he sides with the English Imperialist mindset against Aziz, the Oriental.   Mrs. Moore will have no part in helping her son succeed to the detriment of an Oriental.   She ultimately leaves India and the trial (Forster 201). In A Passage to India, Forster uses Modernism to explore the inclusive attitude of the â€Å"Oriental† and how diverse people make their passages in coming to terms with this sensibility.   Forster makes use of a Modernistic approach to help him tell a story with great depth, complexity and surprise. Works Cited Forster, E. M.   A Passage to India.   New York:   Harcourt, 1924. Harmon, William and C. High Holman.   A Handbook to Literature. 7th ed.   Upper Saddle River, New Jersey:   Prentice Hall, 1996.   

Famous Names in American Literature

30 Famous Names in American Literature Though the history of American literature is comparatively not so long, it has given the world many outstanding literary names. Washington Irving was the first US writer to gain an international reputation. In 1819 he published his volume of stories with such classic American stories as the â€Å"Legend of Sleepy Hollow† and â€Å"Rip Van Winkle†. Only 2 years after another American writer began to attract attention – James Fenimore Cooper, the first major US writer of novels. F Cooper was influenced by the social ideas of the age of Enlightenment. His best – known book is â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans†.Samuel Clemens who wrote under the pen name Mark Twain is undoubtedly well -known all over the world. This famous humorous writer of the 19th century is best known for the novels â€Å"The Adventures of Tom Sawyer† and â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†. The â€Å"Huckleberry Finn† h as been called the greatest novel in American literature. Jack London is a famous writer of adventure stories and novels. Before starting to write he worked as a sailor and went to the Klondike to look for gold. Both experiences he used in his books. His best-known novels include â€Å"The Call of the Wild†, â€Å"The Sea – Wolf† and â€Å"White Fang†. Also read The Story of an Eyewitness Essay AnalysisWilliam Porter, usually known as O'Henry is one of my favorite authors. He wrote short humorous stories which usually ended with a surprise. More than 300 of them were collected in â€Å"Cabbages and Kings†, â€Å"The Voice of the City† and other volumes. Other famous names in American Literature worth mentioning are Ernest Hemingway (he received the Nobel Prize for â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea†), Ray Bradbury, a prominent American science fiction writer of â€Å"The Martian Chronicles†, Edgar Poe, the inventor of the modern detective story, Henry Longfellow, most popular American poet.

Herman Melville’s’ Moby Dick

IntroductionMoby Dick has secured the author’s reputation in the first rank of all American writers. Firstly, the novel was published in the expurgated form and was called The Whale. It was published in 1851 (Bryant 37). â€Å"Moby Dick† is an encyclopedia of the American romanticism. Here there are thousands of private observations, concerning the developments of the American bourgeois democracy and the American public consciousness. These observations were made by writers and poets, the predecessors of Melville. Here we can see the united protest of the American romantic idea against bourgeois and capitalistic progress in its national American forms.Meaning of cannibalismIn the present paper we will discuss the meaning of cannibalism in the novel (Delbanco 26). The famous citation of the chapter 65 contains deep sense that deserves thorough analysis: â€Å"Cannibals? who is not a cannibal? I tell you it will be more tolerable for the Fejee that salted down a lean mis sionary in his cellar against a coming famine; it will be more tolerable for that provident Fejee, I say, in the day of judgment, than for thee, civilized and enlightened gourmand, who nailest geese to the ground and feastest on their bloated livers in thy pate-de-foie-gras† (Melville 242).  Moby dick is also educational and true, because Romanticism believed that fiction had to be the only vehicle to describe the history of the past.The intention was to make the story interesting (Bryant 14). To understand the original meaning of cannibalism in the  novel it is important to establish principles which Melville has built the narration on. The attitude towards cannibals is described better in the story â€Å"Typee†. The connection with this story helps us understand the meaning of the abovementioned citation from â€Å"Moby Dick†.   Pictures of savages’ life drawn by writer bear all features of â€Å"an ideal life â€Å". Melville admired the life of the tribe, but we can’t but notice, however, that he was not going to offer the reader a happy life of savages as the sample for imitation. The poetic pictures drawn by the writer have another meaning. They are created for comparison with contemporary bourgeois civilization (Delbanco 26).According to Melville, Bourgeois civilization, in the kind it existed at the beginning of XIX century, had no future. â€Å"Ideality† of savages in has two aspects: natural and public (Bryant 37). In natural aspect the savage is ideal because it is fine, and it is fine because has kept the features of the physical shape lost by the civilized person (Bryant 15).Melville adhered the same principle when he spoke about â€Å"ideality† of cannibals’ social existence. A savage does not have property, and it does not know what money is. It is relieved by that of two harms of a civilization. They cannot have a desire to act in defiance of truth and validity (Bryant 15). There is no stimulus for that. The savage is not spoiled by a civilization, but it has the defects: cannibalism and heathenism. However, what do they mean in comparison with more severe, realized crimes of the civilized person?In Moby Dick Melville is rather laconic describing savages life elements, but narrates in detail about the bourgeois state and the legislation, police, crimes against society, about power of money, about religious prosecutions, noxious influence of the society on a person – all that precedes eschatological accidents (i.e. infringement of the right and morals, conflicts, the crimes of people demanding punishment of gods) (Bryant 36).Melville does not dismiss cannibalism, backwardness of intelligence and public consciousness, primitiveness of a life and many other negative phenomena in a life of â€Å"happy† savages. Speaking about some wild or even brutal customs of savages, he finds parallels in a life of a civilized society: cannibalism is a devil art w hich we find out in the invention of every possible retaliatory machines; retaliatory wars are poverty and destructions; the most furious animal in the word is the white civilized person (Delbanco 25).Symbolism as a trait of romanticism in the novelIt is not the only symbolic trait in the Moby Dick. For example, all crew members are given descriptive, biblical-sounding names and Melville avoids the exact time of all events and very details. It is the evidence of allegorical mode. It is necessary to mention the mix of pragmatism and idealism (Bryant 14).For example, Ahab desires to pursue the whale and Starbuck desires to arrange a normal commercial ship dealing with whaling business. Moby Dick can be considered as the symbolical example of good and evil (Delbanco 25). Moby Dick is like a metaphor for â€Å"elements of life that are out of people’s control†. The Pequod’s desire to kill the white whale is allegorical, because the whale represents the main life goa ls of Ahab. What is more important is that Ahab’s revenge against Moby is analogous to people’s struggling against the fate (Bryant 14).ConclusionIn conclusion it is necessary to admit that Melville thought people needed to have something to reach for in their life and the desirable goal might destroy the life of a person. Moby Dick is a real obsession which affected the life of ship crew (Bryant 37). Thus, the  system of images in â€Å"Moby Dick† makes us understand the basic ideas of the novel of Melville. Eschatological accidents often are preceded with infringement of the right and morals, conflicts and crimes of people, and the world perishes from fire, flood, cold, heat, famine. We can see this in the novel  «Moby Dick† which shows a life of the American society of the beginning of XIX century (Delbanco 15).Works citedLevine, Robert S., ed. The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Del banco, Andrew. Melville: His World and Work. New York: Knopf, 2005Melville, Herman: Redburn, White-Jacket, Moby-Dick (G. Thomas Tanselle, ed.) (Library of America, 1983)Bryant, John, ed. A Companion to Melville Studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1986 Bryant, John. Melville and Repose: The Rhetoric of Humor in the American Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001

Project 3 Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Project 3 Research Paper - Essay Example The different proportions of the ages engaged in the sites coupled with the geographical representation of the popular sites are also looked into. There is also a discussion of how the relation of the youths as a demographic group is affected by the social sites and in this case, the social aspects as well as the ethical and moral turpitude as influenced by the sites are considered. Further to this, the advantages and the disadvantages of the sites to the youths is discussed to give a better understanding on how these sites builds or breaks the social fiber in the society that goes in tandem with the ethical part of the society. The paper also give an explanation of the occurrence of how the society has made a perfect person that is played out in the sites with a conclusion that gives remedy and precautionary measures that should be considered to avert possible negative impacts imminent in the social sites. Introduction With the development of the digital media, the contemporary soci ety enjoys much more features from the digital media than before, today, through the social networking sites, information can be retrieved in seconds; there are millions of information that is relayed second by seconds and all this information reaches those who are in the social networking sites. ... To some extent, digital media that is the social networking sites provides educative and explorative avenues through which users can grow intellectually. We have YouTube that has a plethora of videos captured and that can be down loaded for intellectual enrichment, these videos includes lectures and instructions that can be used by students and specialist to improve their intellectual acumen (Lenhart, 2007). This is not the only provision of the digital media, they can also be a platform for moral decay, and most of the sites are equally not morally upgrading and have been the contributing factor on the moral degradation in the society. It is thus important to sieve and know the digital sites that are good for consumption and those that are not lest you be a slave of those sites that adds no value to life. Research As indicated in the introductory part above, this paper seeks to research on the effect of digital media through social sites on youths. Today, many digital social sites a re available for consumption by unlimited people around the world, the social sites provides a conduit through which information can flow, people can interact, and learn through one another. It also provides a platform through which new friendship could be made virtually by associating online with those people who are in the far-flung areas (Kiesbye, 2011). Ideally, it makes the world to be a small village through which we can easily get to learn several things that are going on around the world in a snapshot. Given this background, corroborated with the fact that about 900 million people visits the social networking sites every month recording about 7 billion

Product Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Product Marketing - Essay Example Brand awareness consists of brand recognition and brand recall. The former relates to consumers' ability to confirm prior exposure to the brand when given the brand as a cue. The latter relates to consumers' ability to retrieve the brand when given the product category, the needs fulfilled by the category, or some other type of probe as a cue. The management of Beijing brand awareness will play an important role in potential sponsorship decision making for three major reasons. First, it is important that potential sponsorships think of Beijing brand when they think about Olympics games. Second, Beijing brand awareness can affect decisions about brands in the consideration set, even if there are essentially no other brand associations. Finally and the most important, Beijing brand awareness affects sponsorships and consumers decision making by influencing the formation and strength of brand associations in the brand image. A necessary condition for the creation of a brand image is that a brand node has been established in memory. On the other hand, related to brand image, it is defined as perceptions about a brand as reflected by the brand associations held in consumer memory. Likewise, brand associations are the other informational nodes linked to the brand node in memory and contain the meaning of the brand for sponsorships and consumers. Based on the proposal of Keller (199... Based on the proposal of Keller (1993), marketing team of Beijing Olympics games has to consider three major categories of increasing scope: attributes, benefits, and attitudes. The attribute category is related with the features that characterize the Olympics games. Likewise, attributes are categorized in product-related and non product-related. The former is defined as the ingredients necessary for performing the product or service sought by consumers. The latter is defined as external aspects of the product or service that relate to its purchase or consumption. The four main types of non-product related attributes are: price information, packaging or product appearance information, user imagery (e.g. what type of person uses the product or service), and usage imagery (e.g. where and in what types of situations the product or service is used). In the case of management Beijing brand focused on sponsorships, marketing team has to put emphasis on user imagery. Associations of the typical sponsorship of Beijing Olympics are based not only on demographics aspect but also on psychographics. User image attributes can also produce brand personality attributes. Plummer (1985) assets that one component of brand image is the personality or character of the brand itself. Consequently, potential sponsors will expect to form part of a brand which is composed by sponsors of their same "personality" (e.g. brand image of the sponsors). The benefit category is the personal value consumers (in our case sponsorships) attach to the product or service attributes, that is, what consumers think the product or service can do for them. Benefits can be distinguished into three categories

Research methods assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Methods assignment - Research Paper Example Mekonnen and Harris (2006) is an empirical investigation whether â€Å"cause-related† and â€Å"affinity marketing† enhances the product’s appeal and provides product differentiation (p. 135). In particular, the study investigated whether â€Å"linking a commercial organisation’s product with a non-profit organisation enhances the product’s appeal and provides differentiation from rival offers† (Mekonnen and Harris 2006, p. 135). Mekonnen and Harris (2006, p. 135) articulated that the purpose or aim of their study is to investigate the efficacy of the premise of â€Å"affinity marketing†. The research objectives were not explicitly stated but it can be surmised that, implicitly, the research objectives covered identification of values associated with the use of affinity cards and how they affect the likelihood of donation. 2.0. Literature Review Based on a review of literature, Mekonnen and Harris (2006, p. 136) claim that â€Å"there are significant gaps in understanding consumer attitudes† towards products being sold by â€Å"cause-related marketing† and â€Å"affinity marketing†. ... 136). Mekonnen and Harris (2006, p. 135) declared their work as a challenge to the assumption â€Å"that linking a product to a non-profit organisation enhances its appeal and provides a basis for differentiation.† For Mekonnen and Harris (2005, p. 135), â€Å"the efficacy of this premise depends on the type of cause or affinity group.† Unfortunately, however, the review of literature of Mekonnen and Harris (2006) does not amount to an illustration of the â€Å"significant gaps in understanding consumers’ attitude† in the literature. It is not clear from the review of literature what the various studies have made or the findings they have reached on the relationship between â€Å"cause-related market marketing† and â€Å"affinity marketing† on one hand and product sales on the other. Perhaps there was no empirical study done at all prior on cause-oriented and affinity marketing prior to their study but this is not clear from the review of lit erature. However, because of the failure to illustrate what empirical studies have done or to explicitly clarify at least that no study has been done, the review of literature fails to identify precisely or to justify precisely the significance of the Mekonnen and Harris (2006) endeavour in the overall literature on the subject. The review of literature narrated that cause-oriented marketing has been conventionally characterised as being focused on short-term campaign initiatives (Mekonnen and Harris 2006, p. 136). It also pointed out that the affinity marketing is a sub-set of cause-related marketing (Mekonnen and Harris 2006, p. 136). However, citing the work of Berger and others in 1999, Mekonnen and Harris (2006, p. 136) clarified that â€Å"affinity marketing can

Data as an Asset Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data as an Asset - Assignment Example The changes in privacy laws will prohibit companies from using consumers’ information without their consent, thus protecting the privacy rights of all consumers (Education Week, 2015). Netflixs "recommender system" is a software program that is designed to learn about users by gathering data about them and drawing conclusions. â€Å"Machine learning† employs Artificial intelligence to recognize the needs of customers that uses the services of a particular company (Newitz, 2009). Computers can now supply the information that was used to be provided by individuals. Artificial Intelligence is the pillar behind Maps, Siri, and Passbook; gadgets are now able to do great things without help from users (Jackson, 2012). Rather than requesting users to rate products on a five-star scale, Netflix’s recommendation systems need to ask them to evaluate products in pairs; it will offer a correct representation of preferences of consumers. Besides recommending movies, Netflix needs to diversify and support music and games. Music and games are lucrative areas that will benefit the company. Users should be afforded an opportunity to offer feedback on how to improve the recommendation system. Netflix can offer a platform where users can give feedback on the effectiveness of the system. The three changes must be included in the system as part of the platform. Jackson, E. (2012). Whats Going To Be Apples Next Killer Product? Not a New iPhone- Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved on January 6, 2015 from http://www.forbes.com/sites/ericjackson/2012/10/09/whats-going-to-be-apples-next- killer-product-not-a-new-iphone-artificial-intelligence/ Newitz, A. (2009). Annalee Newitz-Artificial Intelligence and the Netflix Prize. Retrieved on January 6, 2015 from

Leading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leading - Essay Example Leaders see a vision and communicate that vision to their followers or subordinates. They focus on tomorrow rather than today. They inspire action and change. They are characterized by their people’s skills, their ability to motivate and get the last ounce of effort from their staff in time of crisis (McGovern, et. al 2008). On the other hand, they frequently dislike detail and routine, and can appear wildly disorganized to their colleagues. Leaders are optimistic, self-motivated, persuasive, convincing and goal oriented personnel. They are needed in all workplaces because of their ability to lead and to motivate the employees in different times. They help the management in bringing about a change. They facilitate the employees to move in a direction which is considered important by them. The leadership that is considered attractive and effective is that kind of leadership that keeps the capacity of persuasion. Effective leaders are always able to motivate people in their set direction. The leaders make people do their suggested jobs, as they exercise a certain power on employees on the basis of their effective motivation and encouragement (Parry and Hansen 2007). There are eleven kinds of leadership styles, as leaders are not all alike. They differ from one another on the basis of their opted strategies for leading people. There are bureaucratic leaders who have well thought-out and considered tasks, these kinds of leaders negate the innovatory ideas as they are stick to some set of rules and principles and also make sure that the principles and laws are not overruled (McGovern, et. al 2008). Another kind of leadership style is charismatic leadership in which, the leaders are mostly interested in inculcating energy and fervor in the employees due to which, they take deep interest in a task. Autocratic leadership is a form of leadership in which, the leader has the authority to exercise all his power in

EVALUATING HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EVALUATING HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT - Essay Example It aims to establish a more open, flexible and caring management style so that staff will be motivated, developed and managed in a way that they can give of their best to support the concerned departments. Good HRM practices are instrumental in helping achieve departmental objectives and enhance productivity. In the larger interest of a company it is imperative that employees are taught the nuance of the trade. Personnel with positive attitudes and can lend themselves to the causes are what organisations look for. HRM is all about this. Employees are taught to be positive, deliver quality work, have a sense of humour, and work as a team. Employees should be interested in performing as a team and take joy in team results, rather than individual accomplishments. The work of HRM is to identify people with such qualities. Building a team with members with such exemplary qualities mitigate the work of an organisation and they can build a work force that is prepared for the culture one desire (Corporate Culture, Auxillium West -The HR Manager). The above is well illustrated in the way Japanese HRM function in unison with company motives and policies. Strong HRM practices are characterised by an equally strong internal labour market, consultative decision making and enterprise unionism. Such practices, individually and collectively, encourage the incorporation of employees into the mainstream (The culture of the enterprise). This results in a strong employee-management relationship, leading to employee identification with the firm, and a high commitment to innovative production practices that enhance the firm's performance. In return the firm or organisation, in recognition of their work ethics, provides job security and rewards (John Benson and Philippe Debroux, HRM in Japanese Enterprises: Trends and Challenges). 2.0 HRM-An Overview No organisation can grow or for that matter, survive without incorporating policies that are pro-human in nature. "Functions such as managing cash flow, business transactions, communication, public relations, and production are part of human activities in sustainability and growth of an organisation. Unless human resources are looked after diligently by the organisation managers, the firm is likely to face drawbacks, which could have serious repercussions on the organisation as a whole. It is no secret that humans are the driving force of any establishment, and it is they who possess the drive to make or break an organisation. In lieu of the current market and multi-polar world situation, the work ethics of most organisations are continuously changing. This change not only affects the business but its employees as well. In order to maximise organisational effectiveness, managers must be able to manage employee capabilities, their time, and talent. Human resource management is about e mployees and organisational goals. In a nutshell, HRM

Teachings of Quran Essay Example for Free

Teachings of Quran Essay The Quran does not emphasize the invisible dimensions of existence (God, angels, jinn) at the expense of neglecting the visible (the natural world). In numerous instances, the Quran refers to natural aspects of this life as signs of God, calling mankind to ponder on natural phenomena such as the wind, rain, vegetation and alteration of the night and the day (Amir Abbas Zamani, 2001). Muslims believe in both a material and a supernatural world. Therefore, the Muslims use a great deal of astronomy, geometry and metaphysical concepts in architecture. The Quran says: â€Å"Such as remember Allah, standing, sitting and reclining, and consider the creation of the heavens and the earth, (and says): Our Lord! Though createst not this in vain (3:191) (Petruccioli, 2002). These structures carry body and soul. The body were designed using sacred geometry, and the soul were created with the help of light, ventilation, sound effects, landscape, color, texture and symbolism used in both the interior and exterior. â€Å"The first being created by God was light. † (Petruccioli, 2002) Islamic architecture makes full use of light and shade, and the heat and coolness of the wind and its aerodynamics, of water and its cooling effect, of the earth and its insulating features as well as properties of the elements. The Muslim’s firm believe in paradise is based on the teaching of the Quran, which says, â€Å"And those who believe and do good works such are rightful owners of the Garden. They will abide therein† (2:82) (Petruccioli 2002). The detailed description of the garden of paradise is given in Sura â€Å"the Beneficent† (55:46-78). Therefore, landscape features become an integral part of site planning and architecture. The buildings are set in the landscape deliberately so that one can find himself in an idealized paradise-like environment. The buildings not only humanize the landscape but stand there in all simplicity of form and witness the divine (Attilio Petruccioli, 2002). Truly, Islamic art is an expression of beauty, a demonstration of divinity and a treasure preserved through time; Allah’s gift not just to His beloved devotees but also to the world. Reference: Amir Abbas Zamani, S. S. (2001). What is Islam? : Alhoda UK. Attilio Petruccioli, K. P. (2002). Understanding Islamic Architecture: Routledge. Glasse, C. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Islam: Rowman Altamira. Grabar, O. (2006). Constructing the Study of Islamic Art: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Janin, H. (2005). The Pursuit of Learning In The Islamic World, 610-2003: McFarland and Company. Oweis, F. (2002). The Elements of Unity in Islamic Art as Examined Through the Work of Jamal Badran: Universal-Publishers. com. Penney, S. (1995). Islam: Harcourt Heinemann. Ulrik Volgsten, S. B. (2006). Music And Manipulation: On the Social Uses And Social Control of Music: Berghahn Books. Waines, D. (2003). An Introduction to Islam (second ed. ): Cambridge University Press.

Limitations of ERP

Limitations of ERP ERP systems have emerged as one of the latest that organizations are using to meet the needs of a global market. Many companies hope that these systems will help leapfrog to the next level but ERP systems are fraught with limitations that can prove difficult to manage. This paper tries to analyze some of the limitations and provides directions that will help overcome the same Introduction In todays increasingly competitive world where the world is converging into a single market place, organizations are looking for ways to become globally competitive. Companies must be able to meet customer requirements in the shortest possible time faster than competition and this requires extensive production planning and close coordination between the company and its suppliers and customers. MRP (Materials Requirement Planning) was one of the most widely used systems for production planning but its main focus was only on managing the production requirements in an organization. MRP systems helped in time phase release of production orders and aggregating planning for material requirements. With time, companies realized that there needed to be an integration of all the functions in an organization and this lead to the development of ERP (Enterprise resource planning) systems. Dr. Suresh Subramoniam et.al [1] defines ERP as ERP is an Enterprise wide system that facilitates integrated and real-time planning, production and customer response. ERP has multilingual capability, multi-currency handling ability, and can recognize legal and tax reporting needs of various nations across the world. Traditionally, each department of an organization uses a software application of its own and the interaction between these systems is very limited. Thus there is no way of generating consolidated information that is accessible to the entire company. ERP systems were created to address this issue by treating the entire organization as a single enterprise and making information available to all the departments as and when needed. Many companies across the world have either implemented or are in the process of implementing ERP systems across their organizations with the intention of making their businesses globally competitive. Despite their best intentions, there are widespread instances where ERP systems have failed to live up to their expectations and have even lead to the demise of companies. Some companies have been able to absorb these losses (Hersheys, Whirlpool, Nestle, IBM, Apple, etc.) but most havent. Even those companies that have successfully implemented ERP have found it difficult to realize the true potential of the system. A few findings as reported by Panorama consulting in their 2010 ERP Report are as follows: Close to 57% of the ERP implementations take longer than expected About 54% of ERP implementations cost more than expected Most ERP implementations under-deliver business value (Fig 1) Companies do not effectively manage the organizational changes of ERP Limitations of ERP Limited to the four walls of the company ERP is an evolution of MRP which was solely focused on manufacturing and materials planning. ERP systems were designed to manage more functions of enterprises thus integrating all business management functions, including planning, inventory and materials management, engineering, order processing, manufacturing, purchasing, accounting and finance, human resources, etc. Though considered as a revolution during its time, ERP did not take into account any of the external relationships that a company had as enterprises were run as independent entities during those times. Within an organization the system was able to support all functions but was unable to handle the various interactions that the enterprise had with its suppliers and customers. Conventional ERP helped automate individual departments but did not integrate its back-office benefits into the front-office to help businesses manage people, workloads and supply-chain issues; it could not establish consistent control of all the processes of the business Even within the organization, some of the difficulties faced by managers were Only the current status could be accessed, such as open orders. But managers often need to look beyond the current status to find trends and patterns for better decision-making. The data in the ERP application was not integrated with other enterprise systems and did not include external intelligence. ERP systems could not meet all of the analytical and reporting needs of organizations. ERP systems are generally very expensive to install. They call for voluminous and exorbitant investments in terms of time and money without guaranteeing the said benefits. The time taken for an organization to migrate to an ERP system is quite substantial. Extensive training has to be provided at the expense of existing working hours which can also result in a loss of business during the transition period. Apart from the installation costs, companies also charge annual maintenance and renewal costs. These costs put together may not justify the implementation of ERP systems especially for companies that are smaller in scale Since each business has different needs there has to be a level of customization to ensure that the all the factors relevant to the industry are considered. This may call for changing the ERP software structure to match the business workflow which is generally not allowed by the software vendors. ERP systems are built as per industry standards and when company wants to implement the system, it may have to change its way of functioning to match these standards. This can either be beneficial or can lead to the business loosing its competitive advantage Some companies have relatively simple operations and the use of ERP may complicate the existing setup thus leading to an over-engineering as compared to customers needs The biggest advantage of ERP is its ability to provide an information across the organization. There are instances where departments are unwilling to share information due to reasons best known to them thus reducing the effectiveness of the ERP system Many companies run on legacy systems and implementing ERP results in compatibility problems across departments. Conversion of these legacy systems into modern ones in itself results in huge cost overruns The easy availability of information also raises the question of security and privacy. Access to the various functionalities has to be carefully regulated to prevent unauthorized access and information theft. The time frame to realize the full benefits of a successful ERP implementation is longer that most companies would have initially expected. There would be a dip in the performance immediately after it goes live as employees take time to adjust to the new systems. With time, there will be changes in the requirements of the organization. Since the ERP system would be customized during the installation phase, there would be a limit to which the system can be scalable. Like for example, if a company wishes to add more fields to a data recording system there may be a pre set limits for the same. In order to overcome this, companies would have to pay the vendor an extra fee for such future upgrades Ongoing support After the implementation, companies would require constant support. The technical support provided by the software vendors maybe insufficient if the ERP systems encounter some major issue Overcoming the Limitations ERP as discussed before is a very comprehensive when it comes to handling the transactions within an enterprise but fails when there is an interaction with systems external to the organization. To overcome this, the concept of ERP II has been developed which integrates the ERP systems of an enterprise with that of the suppliers and event the customers. Using Enabling Technologies ERP can be considered as the backbone of an enterprises applications, but successfully handling the complexities of modern business will depend on a companys ability to share information promptly, securely, and effectively with customers, partners and suppliers. Organizations must seamlessly integrate their supply and value chains. The figure below shows the enabling technologies that will help organizations achieve the same Companies should constantly work towards integrating new technologies with their existing ERP systems. ERP systems are expensive to implement, but if they are not constantly updated they tend to get obsolete and may result in lost opportunities in terms of meeting customer needs. ERP is the central or the core component around which the various technologies are integrated, and these combine to enable an organization automate most of its processes. The technologies that will enable companies to do business at Internet speed when integrated with the ERP system are Business Intelligence (BI), Data Warehousing, Data Mining, On-line Analytical Processing (OLAP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). A case in point is AM machines which is a world leader in the design manufacture, and support of automobile engines and power systems. The market demand for this industry is to develop high performance components at lowest cost. AM was one of the first organizations to use an ERP system to improve the efficiency of its manufacturing process systems. The ERP systems so developed were used across various functions such as finance, quality management, plant maintenance, materials management, controlling, program management, logistics, accounting, and sales and distribution transactions. Even though the ERP solution replaced a number of disparate legacy systems and provided a common ground to pull a lot of business functions together, the manual processes for managing large volumes of unstructured content (information such as digital photos, scanned images, and CAD drawings, not easily managed by any ERP system) still remained. To overcome this difficulty, AM realized that it needed to complement its ERP solution with a Product Data Management (PDM) solution. PDM is the use of software or other tools to track and control data related to a particular product. The data tracked usually involves the technical specifications of the product, specifications for manufacture and development, and the types of materials that will be required to produce goods. The PDM system integrated the document repository and ERP applications, empowering ERP users to collect, securely store, find, link, and easily retrieve the required documents. Retaining Customers Traditional ERP packages generally include functions that are required for Sales Force Automation (SFA) and other call center operations but not on personalizing customers experiences. In todays times the focus of companies is retaining customers and after a given point, ERP systems fail in contributing to this objective. ERP implementations leave many companies saddled with massive, isolated systems containing vital customer, product, or service data. These systems lack the functionality needed to optimize customer-facing operations. The solution is to integrate a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system with the ERP system. CRM is not just a software application or a database that is used to store customer information, it is an effort taken by the company to continuously improve the relationship it has with its customers. Automated CRM processes are used to generate personalized marketing and customer care based on the customer information stored in the system. Integrating the CRM and ERP systems makes customer information available across the organization. One of the immediate benefits would be in improving the ability of companies to deliver personalized services to their customers based on information that has been stored previously. CRM systems also help companies in launching targeted promotional campaigns and also in informing customers about new product launches based on their previous usage patterns. The call center operations are also improved as preferential treatment can be provided using past data. Understanding the importance of information When companies are competing for one another more or less in the same markets, just having information from within the organization would not be sufficient. Organizations must thus have information from the external environment to modify their business decisions accordingly. Knowing the external factors such as changes in the business environment, customer preferences and trends, new rules and regulations, competitor strategy, market trends, etc. are more important. This information is critical for survival and is more difficult to get when compared to the internal information. Another important factor is the manner in which companies manage historical information. As companies grow older, they collect a gold mine of information that can provide valuable insights regarding demand, customer demographics, customer preferences, etc. The challenge faced by enterprises today is to avoid information overload by intelligently selecting available data and presenting it in a way that is intuitively meaningful. Business and Competitive Intelligence Business Intelligence was term coined by the Gartner group in a report as early as 1996. It can be said that Business intelligence (BI) is a broad category of applications and technologies for gathering, storing, analyzing, and providing access to data to help enterprise users make better business decisions. BI applications include the activities ofÂÂ  decision support systems, query and reporting, online analytical processing (OLAP), statistical analysis, forecasting, andÂÂ  data mining. Using the existing data warehouses as a foundation and then building upon them using BI helps organizations predict the future in terms of trends, preferences and market variations. A data warehouse organizes ERP data so that it is easily accessible for online analysis. Business intelligence systems improve business competitiveness by providing reporting and analysis tools to the desktop, enabling communication with the entire supply chain via the Web thus automating alerts and actions. Competitive intelligence (CI) is a branch of BI which deals with managing the hyper-competitive environments that are a part and parcel of todays markets. CI gathers information that helps organizations formulate strategies to beat competition and assists decision-makers predict future trends and take smart decisions. Arik R. Johnson Managing Director of the CI consultancy Aurora WDC, describes CI as CI is the purposeful and coordinatedÂÂ  monitoringÂÂ  of your competitor(s), wherever and whoever they may be, within a specificÂÂ  marketplace Your competitors are those firms which you considerÂÂ  rivalsÂÂ  in business, and with whom you compete forÂÂ  market share. CI also has to do with determining what your business rivals WILL DOÂÂ  beforeÂÂ  they do it. Strategically, there is a need to gainÂÂ  fore knowledgeÂÂ  of your competitors plans and to plan your business strategy to countervail their plans. This will involve many methods at the tacticalÂÂ  collectionÂÂ  level, but it will also requireÂÂ  integrationÂÂ  into your existing information infrastructure,ÂÂ  analysisÂÂ  andÂÂ  distributionÂÂ  of the information, and finally, the calculation of business decisionsÂÂ  on the grounds of that information and the analysis of same. This is the intelligence part of the formula. Valuable in its own right, ERP information becomes even more valuable when it is combined with information from other sources. A BI system allows this. For example, a marketing manager might want to combine sales information from the ERP system with consumer demographics from A. C. Nielsen or business demographics from Dun Bradstreet. With this information, the company can better segment its customers and improve customer relationship management. An automobile manufacturer for instance, can combine its internal ERP data with external databases to identify customers likely to be receptive to advertisements for a sports car, sedan, van or sports vehicle. Similarly the purchasing department of a computer manufacturer might combine its ERP data with external data about sales forecasts for microprocessors. With this information, the purchase department can react to rising demand by consolidating all purchases stored in memory to obtain a better price from a single supplier Businesses can thus optimize their investment in ERP systems by closing the loop between the BI system and the ERP system. The loop begins when the company discovers valuable business information from the ERP system; it closes when the company feeds those discoveries back into the ERP system to continually improve business processes. The reports generated by traditional ERP systems provide only a fraction of the useful information in the system. Using data warehousing and BI overcomes this limitation and unlocks the true potential of an ERP system. Leveraging on the Internet The true value of an ERP investment results from integrating the ERP system not only with a business intelligence front end, but also with the Internet. When a Web-based interface is provided to the information in the business intelligence system, the Internet becomes an enterprise information utility for employees, partners, suppliers and customers. An early application for integrating ERP business intelligence with the Internet is supply chain management. All participants like engineering and product design, vendors and suppliers, production, marketing, distributors and customers can get the information at real time, from wherever they want it, like they want it over the internet. This enables for example, the marketing people to provide customers with the latest product details and pricing information. Inventory management can be done based on real-time information, production can be fine tuned so that the right quantities are produced, as and when required. The suppliers and partners in turn, can share the information with their suppliers. Product designers, both for manufacturing and service companies, can capture customer information in real-time, refining their products for greater market appeal or customizing them for key customers. By adding a Web-based interface to the ERP business intelligence, the supply chain can be integrated thus speeding time to market and gaining manufacturing efficiencies. Role of CIO The CIO plays a pivotal role in the implementation of an ERP system in an organization. In most cases the CIO is appointed as the process owner for the implementation as the CEO would be in charge of the core operations of the business. The CEO and upper management would be involved in the pre implementation phase and would play a major role in the selection of the ERP vendor, external consultants and the implementation team members. The CIO would be in charge of the implementation and in ensuring that the project is on schedule as per the requirements agreed upon. Apart from the implementation, the CIO should also ensure that all the end users are provided with sufficient training and education to ensure that the full benefit of the system is exploited. Most of the employees are generally apprehensive of ERP systems fearing the change it brings about and the impact it will have on their jobs. The CIO should put to rest such fears through effective communication, constant updates and sharing details of the future plans after ERP implementation. The CIO should ensure that knowledge transfer happens from the external consultants and ERP vendor representatives to the employees before they leave. There should be enough trained employees within the company who are capable of handling the system to ensure its smooth functioning. The CIO thus plays an important role in successfully managing the transition to ERP systems and ensuring that the full potential of the ERP system is utilized after implementation. Conclusion World class competition, modern business environment and the availability of the Internet are the premises which stress the need for ERP. These systems are effective in integrating the different functions across an organization but should not be used in isolation especially during current times. Many ERP implementations end up as failures and the ones successfully implemented face limitations of their own as mentioned. This should not dissuade companies from implementing ERP systems as the benefits of a successful implementation outweigh the limitations. Organizations should now graduate to the next level of ERP systems that are termed as ERP II which integrate the organization and the members across the value chain with the help of enabling technologies. A sound management with clear focus, long term vision and well defined achievable targets set from ERP systems will help overcome the limitations of these systems

Influence Of Female Pop Singers

Influence Of Female Pop Singers Female American-based pop-singers have become more popular over the years in America. Women in this position can be powerful role-models for the adolescent female population. However, concern has been raised over whether these artists use this influence positively or if they have a negative influence. Although there are a few artists who clearly use their influence in a positive way, the majority seem to affect girls negatively. Firstly, the life-style of female American pop-singers and the ideas they convey through their song lyrics reinforce materialism in adolescent girls. Secondly, these artists have a negative influence on the body image of teenage girls. Thirdly female pop-singers from America display self-destructive behaviour and are bad role-models. Consequently, female American pop-singers have a negative influence on teenage girls. Due to the life-style choices female American pop-stars make and the ideas they express in their song lyrics, female pop-singers from America reinforce materialism in teenage girls. Many of these pop-singers clearly express materialistic ideas in their songs. In the song Material Girl, written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, Madonna sings: Because the boy with the cold hard cash / Is always Mister Right, because we are/ Living in a material world and I am a material girl. The song has been covered by several pop-culture icons like Britney Spears and Hilary Duff, introducing the song to new generations each time. Another example is Nicki Minajs song 1234: And I call Saks Fifth Ave-y home. That is where a real bad Barbie roam. By Saks Fifth Ave she means the store Saks, located on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Saks is a store which sells only the most expensive designer clothing. Nicki Minaj declares with these lyrics that girls who want to be cool, who want to be like her, should sho p at this particular store. By expressing this, she encourages materialism. What might be even more influential than their song lyrics are the life-style choices female American pop-singers make. Jennifer Lopez wore a 15000 dollar dress to last years Grammy awards. In 2011, the birthday present Beyoncà © bought her husband was a Bugatti worth two million dollars. Most of the handbags these women carry with them do not have prices under 3000 dollars. Teenage girls who look up to these women will start thinking that being like their idols includes having the same expensive items they have. The combined pressure of what female American pop-singers express in their songs and the life-style choices they make reinforce materialism in teenagers. Female American pop-singers influence the body image of teenage girls in a negative way. Some female pop artists start their career with an average body, but often succumb to the general beauty ideal in the world of stardom. A fitting example is the story of Demi Lovato, a young woman who started her career by singing and acting for Disney. She was often referred to as the fat Disney girl. By now Demi has admitted she started suffering from Anorexia Nervosa because the pressure of having to be thin became too much for her. Other female American pop-stars who suffered from eating disorders are Alanis Morissette, Britney Spears, Kelly Clarkson and Mariah Carey, and there are many more. All started out with an average body but lost weight until they were more like other celebrities in their environment. Teenage girls idolize these pop-singers and see them as their role-models; they will do almost anything to achieve a similar look to their idols. In her M.A. thesis on feminism Jodie Sim ons wrote: This appeal to adolescent girls to conform to strict hegemonic norms of beauty is not simply embodied in the artists appearance but is also sung about in their songs. An example of such a song is Katy Perrys California Gurls. In the music video of this song Katy Perry is either naked or she is wearing a miniature bikini. She herself is the ultimate California girl. The appearance of American female pop artists, as well as the message about beauty they convey in their lyrics, is unrealistic and are a negative influence on adolescent women. Female American pop-singers often display self-destructive behaviour and are bad role models because of this. Since they are celebrities, their choices and behaviour are constantly watched by the media. Magazines and television channels rather show bad behaviour than good behaviour because it is more interesting to the public and thus brings in more money. The world of female pop artists is very competitive; there is always fresh talent. This competitiveness causes artists to try to stay in the spotlight at any cost. The artists also have more occasions on which they will be inclined to make bad decisions than young adults without these resources or circumstances. Yet, these artists are role-models and should act like they are. Rihanna, now 24, is a perfect example of a bad role model. Rihanna expresses very graphic sexual ideas in some of her songs, which are degrading to women. She also claims in her songs that women should invite men to have sex with them. Rihanna confessed she ha d a sex-addiction herself. There are several nude photos of her on the internet that are easy to find. In February 2009, Rihanna was brutally beaten by her partner, Chris Brown, a few weeks ago it became official that she is involved with Chris Brown once again. Rihanna gives her younger fans graphic ideas about sexuality, she degrades femininity and she indirectly claims it is forgivable when a woman is beaten by her partner. This year Rihanna was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time Magazine. Being so influential Rihanna is a bad role-model for the millions of adolescent girls who adore her. Another example is Miley Cyrus, a Disney child-star who wanted a more adult image and started dancing with a stripper pole, with barely any clothes on in one of her music videos. This left parents with teenage daughters horrified, since their childs idol had suddenly transformed into a bad role-model. There are certainly female pop artists in America who are decent or good role-models. However, they are overshadowed by a majority of bad role-models. Female pop artists in America are always role-models, but because of the self-destructive choices they make and the bad behaviour they display they become bad role-models. To conclude, the life-style of female pop artists from America and the suggestions in their song lyrics strengthen materialism in young girls. Secondly, female American pop-singers have a negative influence on teenage girls. Thirdly, these pop artists are bad role-models partly because of the self-destructive behaviour they exhibit. Although there are female pop artists in America who do not influence girls in such a way, the extent of their colleagues who do have this negative influence is much greater. In general, female American pop-singers have a negative influence on teenage girls.

Rwanda :: History

Rwanda Population Rwanda’s population has traditionally been composed of Hutu,Tusi and Twa peoples. however, civil stife at independence and genocidal civil warin 1994 have altered these percentages. the 1991 offical cenus estimated the country’s population at 7,164,995. Talking into consideration Rwanda’s growth rate, the population in 1996 should have been between 7.8 and 8 million people, but it is estimated that less than 5.5 to 6 million people were living in Rwanda in late 1995. Rwanda’s people speak a common language, Kinyarwanda, and share many cultural traditions. More than half of the population is estimated to be Roman Catholic and another 5 to 10% Protestant Crisitan. Probaly 30% or more hold traditional beliefs. There is a small Muslium minority. Traditionally, Rwanda has been Africa’s least urban country ,although migration to the capital, Kigali,and provincial towns such as Ruhengeri,Butare,and Gisenyi incerased thoughout the 1980s and the early1990s. Prior to 1994 it eas also the most densly populated rural county in the world, with more than 2,110 persons per sq./km. Education is free and officially compulsory for childern between ages 7 to 15, but Rwanda’s school system was virtually destroyed during the civil war . Most hospitals, including the university of Rwanda, remained closed in 1995. Most hospitals were ethier closed or without adequate supplies or medical personnel. History Hutu agriculturalists migrated into what is now Rwanda during the 7th to 10th centuries AD, followed by pastoral Tutsi between the 14th nd 16th centuries. A feudal monarchy developed that remained in existence for centuries before Rwanda was absorbed into German east Africa in 1899. Belgium occupied the area in 1916 and controlled what are now Rwanda and Burundi until Rwanda gained its independence. Before European occupation, the kingdom of Rwanda was a somewhat flexible hierarchy with a tutsi king and elitre dominating the majority Hutu farmers and small Tutsi underclass, although social mobility and intermarriage blurred the distintions between the groups. the Twa were at the very bottom of the social order. Both the Germans and the Belgians retained the monarchy administer the colony. This arrangement gave th Tusi access to power and economic resouces and intensified ethnic and class divisions. In the 1940’s, however, many Tusti were driven from Rwanda by the Belgians for advocating independence. The moderate Tusi King Kigari V, who had ruled for nearly three decades, died in 1959, and more ethnocentric Tutsi seized power. This contributed to a series of rebellions by Hutu demanding equal rights in which tens of thousands of Tutsi perished. Rwanda :: History Rwanda Population Rwanda’s population has traditionally been composed of Hutu,Tusi and Twa peoples. however, civil stife at independence and genocidal civil warin 1994 have altered these percentages. the 1991 offical cenus estimated the country’s population at 7,164,995. Talking into consideration Rwanda’s growth rate, the population in 1996 should have been between 7.8 and 8 million people, but it is estimated that less than 5.5 to 6 million people were living in Rwanda in late 1995. Rwanda’s people speak a common language, Kinyarwanda, and share many cultural traditions. More than half of the population is estimated to be Roman Catholic and another 5 to 10% Protestant Crisitan. Probaly 30% or more hold traditional beliefs. There is a small Muslium minority. Traditionally, Rwanda has been Africa’s least urban country ,although migration to the capital, Kigali,and provincial towns such as Ruhengeri,Butare,and Gisenyi incerased thoughout the 1980s and the early1990s. Prior to 1994 it eas also the most densly populated rural county in the world, with more than 2,110 persons per sq./km. Education is free and officially compulsory for childern between ages 7 to 15, but Rwanda’s school system was virtually destroyed during the civil war . Most hospitals, including the university of Rwanda, remained closed in 1995. Most hospitals were ethier closed or without adequate supplies or medical personnel. History Hutu agriculturalists migrated into what is now Rwanda during the 7th to 10th centuries AD, followed by pastoral Tutsi between the 14th nd 16th centuries. A feudal monarchy developed that remained in existence for centuries before Rwanda was absorbed into German east Africa in 1899. Belgium occupied the area in 1916 and controlled what are now Rwanda and Burundi until Rwanda gained its independence. Before European occupation, the kingdom of Rwanda was a somewhat flexible hierarchy with a tutsi king and elitre dominating the majority Hutu farmers and small Tutsi underclass, although social mobility and intermarriage blurred the distintions between the groups. the Twa were at the very bottom of the social order. Both the Germans and the Belgians retained the monarchy administer the colony. This arrangement gave th Tusi access to power and economic resouces and intensified ethnic and class divisions. In the 1940’s, however, many Tusti were driven from Rwanda by the Belgians for advocating independence. The moderate Tusi King Kigari V, who had ruled for nearly three decades, died in 1959, and more ethnocentric Tutsi seized power. This contributed to a series of rebellions by Hutu demanding equal rights in which tens of thousands of Tutsi perished.

The Problems Defining Genre :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

The Problems Defining Genre Genre denotes a systematic way to categorize literature. The term might be considered academic jargon; however, it produces up a set of expectations that allow us to judge literature. These expectations or criteria also allow us to compare with other literature in the same as well as different genres. In spite of these expectations, genre does not dictate a set of rigid rules; in fact, genre is more descriptive than prescriptive. Problems in defining genre often arise because there are frequently sub-genres: romantic comedy might be considered a sub-genre of comedy, revenge tragedy of tragedy and gothic horror of horror. It becomes increasingly difficult to see where one sub-genre ends and another begins. Also these categories are seldom pure. For example, Hamlet, a revenge tragedy, includes aspects of romance and even a comic scene or two. Our popular culture makes defining genre challenging because what is vital one day might disappear the next. An example of this is the current insistence upon a happy ending. Since tragedy is often characterized by an unhappy or "right" ending, according to Aristotle, popular culture no longer welcomes the tragedy with the relish it did at other times in history. Our Town being the exception that comes to mind, as well as the one-man shows. Poetry makes frequent use of this voice. In Daddy by Sylvia Plath, the author address "Daddy" throughout the poem. Shannon Chamberlain's use of Aesop's fable The Parrot and his Cage was another example of this single voice narrative. A second voice option is the drama or dialogue that involves talking between two characters with no narration. All of the plays we are reading in class fit this category as well as Stacy Burleson's example of Merlin as a legend in film. Finally, the combination of the narrator plus dialogue is just as it seems, a narrator talks to the audience (or reader) but the characters talk to each other. The TV shows The Fugitive, Dragnet, and Twilight Zone come to mind as examples of this. Narrative genre, by contrast, focuses on the storyline or plot. Tragedy frequently introduces a problem, there is struggle for control, finally a realistic and often unhappy ending that resolves the problem.

Blue Sky

TEACHING NOTE Blue Sky Thinking Case Analysis 1. Company Profile First Choice Holidays This session's students should describe the company profile of First Choice Holidays (FCH) – a travel agent which has more than 14. 000 staff, operate in 16 different countries and have ? 2,6 billion turnover in 2005. The students should able to define that FCH is the major player in travel industry and what the business they are in. 2.Problem Formulation This session's students should formulate the problems of FCH that shown by Sales Conversion rate had been static for two years, and also should be able to mention the FCH efforts to solve the problems and why they choose to hire Blue Sky Consulting. The hidden problems of FCH are sales and management staffs on motivation, focus, and believe in themselves and their products. One of the methods could use the fish bone diagram to find the problems. . Problem Solving Methods The problem solving methods are tend to fulfill the objectives of FCH is to increase 10% revenue yoy and to merge brands between ‘First Choice Direct' (Direct) and ‘Eclipse Direct' (Eclipse). The case shows that FCH hire the Blue Sky Consulting, in these section students should place themselves as Blue Sky Consultant and be able to show what Blue Sky do to achieve the FCH objectives.The first steps, Blue Sky create secondary objectives of developing a broad strategy that supported Direct and Eclipse team objectives: o Unifying company culture and brand value o Establishing measurement to ensure the performance improvement was maintained The next steps, Blue Sky conduct a ‘holistic operational diagnostic' on purpose to show the FCH management to evaluate the effectiveness FCH processes, as opposed to just identifying the sales training gaps. Blue Sky conduct ‘current performance evaluation' with activities include: o Meeting with key management personnel o Informal interview with cross-section of advisers and team leaders o Focu s Groups o Listening into and observing assessment of calls o Mystery Shopping o Staff surveys o Reviewing current skill and trainings o Reviewing Business Process o Documentation and initiatives – Create recommendation 4. Design and Action Plan Program This session's students should be able to show the need of developing and communicate the vision for call center and each department. Blue Sky TEACHING NOTE Blue Sky Thinking Case Analysis 1. Company Profile First Choice Holidays This session's students should describe the company profile of First Choice Holidays (FCH) – a travel agent which has more than 14. 000 staff, operate in 16 different countries and have ? 2,6 billion turnover in 2005. The students should able to define that FCH is the major player in travel industry and what the business they are in. 2.Problem Formulation This session's students should formulate the problems of FCH that shown by Sales Conversion rate had been static for two years, and also should be able to mention the FCH efforts to solve the problems and why they choose to hire Blue Sky Consulting. The hidden problems of FCH are sales and management staffs on motivation, focus, and believe in themselves and their products. One of the methods could use the fish bone diagram to find the problems. . Problem Solving Methods The problem solving methods are tend to fulfill the objectives of FCH is to increase 10% revenue yoy and to merge brands between ‘First Choice Direct' (Direct) and ‘Eclipse Direct' (Eclipse). The case shows that FCH hire the Blue Sky Consulting, in these section students should place themselves as Blue Sky Consultant and be able to show what Blue Sky do to achieve the FCH objectives.The first steps, Blue Sky create secondary objectives of developing a broad strategy that supported Direct and Eclipse team objectives: o Unifying company culture and brand value o Establishing measurement to ensure the performance improvement was maintained The next steps, Blue Sky conduct a ‘holistic operational diagnostic' on purpose to show the FCH management to evaluate the effectiveness FCH processes, as opposed to just identifying the sales training gaps. Blue Sky conduct ‘current performance evaluation' with activities include: o Meeting with key management personnel o Informal interview with cross-section of advisers and team leaders o Focu s Groups o Listening into and observing assessment of calls o Mystery Shopping o Staff surveys o Reviewing current skill and trainings o Reviewing Business Process o Documentation and initiatives – Create recommendation 4. Design and Action Plan Program This session's students should be able to show the need of developing and communicate the vision for call center and each department.

Nursing Home Aims and Objectives

It is the objective of the Nursing Home to provide care to all service users to a standard of excellence which embraces fundamental principles of good care practice, and that this may be witnessed and evaluated through practice, conduct and control of quality care in the home. It is a fundamental ethos that those service users who live in the home should be able to do so in accordance with the homes Statement of Values. It is the objective of the home that all service users shall live in a clean and safe environment and be treated with respect and sensitivity to their individual needs and abilities.Staff will be responsive to the individual needs of service users and will provide the appropriate degree of care to assure the highest possible quality of life within the home. To meet the client's needs the care service within the home is designed to achieve the following objectives: To deliver a service of the highest quality that will improve and sustain the service users overall quali ty of life. In this respect the care service is designed to meet the requirements of a recognised accredited quality standard, but in a people oriented fashion.To ensure that the care service is delivered is flexibility, attentively, and in a non discriminatory fashion while respecting each service user's right to independence, privacy, dignity, fulfilment, and the rights to make informed choices and to take risks. To ensure that each service user's needs and values are respected in matters of religion, culture, race or ethnic origin, sexuality and sexual orientation, political affiliation, marital status, parenthood and disabilities or impairments.To ensure that the care service in the whole is delivered in accordance with agreed contracts of care. To manage and implement a formal programme of staff planning, selection, recruitment, training and personal development to enable service user care needs to be met. To manage the care service efficiently and effectively to make the best use of resources and to maximise value for money for the service user. To ensure all service users receive written information on the home's procedure for handling complaints, comments and compliments and how to use it.

Harris Bergeron & by the Waters of Babylon Essay

In the story, Harrison Bergeron, one learns that the author, Kurt Vonnegut, does not like the way society is. He does not like how people judge one another because one is not as attractive, or smarter, or funnier. He portrays this idea into the story by creating a society full of people that are equal. For example, in the beginning one gets to know that George is actually really intelligent as was all Hazel, but not as much as George. George cannot be smarter than Hazel or anyone, so to control the way he thinks he has to wear a mental handicap that receives different sounds to scatter his thoughts (Vonnegut, p. 34). Although, many people are fine with the way this society is being ran, in one section George explains to Hazel what would happen if he took his handicaps off then he will not be equal with everyone else, it is not fair to Hazel either because she has to keep wearing hers, â€Å"And pretty soon we’d be right back to the dark ages again†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Vonnegut, p. 3 7). However, Harrison Bergeron, a 14 year-old boy, does not agree with this. â€Å"Now watch me come what I can become!† (Vonnegut, p. 39). He believes people should not be equal and be able to use the skills others do not have. On page 39, Harrison storms in and announces he is the emperor, and then he chooses his Empress and removes the handicaps from her and himself. Harrison does not want to be ruled by someone but rule himself; he wants to change the way things are being ran in this town. In the story By the Waters of Babylon, John, a son of a priest and becomes a priest himself, lives in a society where the people have many different believes. For example, many things are forbidden like going east, going into a Dead Place, unless one is a priest or a son of a priest and to search for metal, cross the river and look at the place that was once the â€Å"Place of Gods.† On page 292, John’s father is reviewing all of the forbidden places. â€Å"All these things are forbidden,† I said, but it was my voice that spoke but not my spirit,† (Benet, p. 292). â€Å"My heart was troubled about going east, yet I knew that I must go.† (Benet, p. 293). John knows going to these places is a sin, but for some reason he seems to knot agree with this. As the story progresses, John is now a man and goes off into his journey. He searches for signs; his first sign was an eagle that went east. John knows it is a sin to go east, but his gut is telling him he should go. However, he believes this was a bad spirit trying to convince him to the wrong thing. His next sign were three deers, as well as a white fawn, another sin. Then he sees a black panther which attacks the white fawn. This represents a ying and a yang, good and evil. John says it is better to die than loose his spirit (Benet, p. 294). At the John decides he will travel to the Place of Gods, even though he might die he wants to know the truth. Once John arrived he realizes all those stories he was told as a boy were false. â€Å"†¦ the tales say, that the ground burned forever, for I have been there†¦.. It is not true either, what some of our priests say, that the island covered with fogs and enchantments.† (Benet, p. 296). John then explains that the Place of Gods is a regular dead place, with cracked roads, damaged buildings and high towers. The knowledge John has gained burned in him, he said on page 296. At the end of his journey he realizes that the god s were regular men that lived before him. He explains to his father there were never any real ‘gods’. John wants to share this knowledge with the people of his town; however his father says it is better to tell the knowledge little by little because if one ate too much truth at once, one may die of the truth. (Benet, p. 301). John says he learned that being a priest, ate knowledge too fast. (Benet, p. 301).

Fast Fashion

Introduction The clothing industry, as one of the most globalizes industries in the world (Fibonacci et al 1994), is currently undergoing a restructuring, especially the fast fashion sector. Fashion markets are synonymous with rapid changes and short product life cycles. Therefore, changes in consumer demand for newness and fashion trend force the emergence of fast fashion' strategy in retailers like Ezra and H;M and shifts in the focus of competitive advantage from price towards quick response.That is to say, clothing firms, which are adopting global or offshore sourcing strategy, are not noninsured to have more competitive advantages as before. However, the question is: should fast fashion retailers adopt quick response strategy instead of overseas sourcing strategy immediately, or adopt both strategies? In the first section, a literature review of the nature of fashion market and related arguments will be introduced. The overseas sourcing strategy and the quick response strategy w ill be explained with examples of existing clothing firms in the second and the third section.The fourth section will compare and contrast the advantage and disadvantages of these two strategies. Combining theoretical knowledge with empirical case studies, it is argued that companies could reach the maximum profit by adopting overseas sourcing strategy as well as quick response strategy. 1 . Literature Review Fashion retailers, such as Ezra, H;M, Benton and Marks ; Spencer have revolutionized the fashion industry by creating a concept of fast fashion'.The change in the culture of fashion from haute couture to fast fashion has attracted numerous researchers to identify and explore the nature of fast fashion market (Tokomak 2008, p. 22, Christopher et al 2004, p. 367, soul and -raccoon 2008, Tactile et al 2008). Accordingly, short life cycles, rapid prototyping and high volatility are identified as the key features of the fashion market. Compared to other industries, apparel product m anufacturing has unique features, for instance, numerous SKIS (stock keeping unit) in a season, hard to estimate customers' demand and wide range of products for basic to fashion items Non 2004).All these unique characteristics require a different approach to production sourcing, Soul and Turn-on (2008) pointed out that fast fashion retailers prefer using an opportunity-pull approach to the traditional designer-push model. By adopting the new approach, retailers could respond to the shifts in the market as quickly as possible. As a result, the more continuous production schedule (eight to twelve fashion ‘seasons') has substituted for the traditional two to four ‘seasons' calendar (Tactile et al 2008, p. 264, Dickens 2011, p. 316).In relation to global production networks, Dickens (2011) identified the ‘core' of a global production network as the circuit of four basic operations, which refers to inputs, transformation, distribution and consumption. Theoretically, th e quicker the production circuit flows, the higher the gross margin the company can gain. When we apply the theory into the clothing industry, the cost of production and the speed to response to changes in consumer demand are equally important. Both of them could contribute to the flow of production circuit.Since numbers of studies have elaborated the benefit of production relocation, the implementation of quick response strategy by fashion retailers has attracted the interest of researchers in recent years (Bristle et al 2003, Perry and Shoal 2000, leer and Bergen 1997). However, results of an exploratory study (Bristle et al 2003) shows that the advantages of quick response strategy have not been fully understood by fashion retailers. They tend to implement quick response strategy for internal supply chain management.Moreover, leer and Bergen (1997) tried to use formal model to examine the impact of quick response strategy on fashion retailers. Although there is companies already adopted both strategies, limited attention has been paid to the combined effect of these two strategies by researchers. Hypothesis: In an era of fast fashion, companies that adopt both global sourcing strategy and quick response strategy have better chance to succeed in the fashion looting market. 2. Cost, the most basic consideration. In order to have higher profit margin, one of the most effective ways is to cut down production costs.In view of the low labor cost in developing countries, global sourcing seems to be a good choice to reduce costs. With the development of global production networks and the increasing competition, fast all fashion clothing firms have shifted their manufacturing operations to low lost locations over the past decades. The shifts in the Shares manufacturer Levi Stratus's global strategy could vividly demonstrate how global sourcing strategy works and affect its supply chain. At first, the company was created in the USA.As it developed and became a global company, they began to employ workers all over the world. However, in face of fierce competition, Levi Strauss started to shift its operation to lower-cost countries in the late sass. By the year 2003, Levi Strauss closed the last four plants in North American and ‘has become an entirely offshore producer' (Dickens 2011 p. 318). The German fashion company Hugo Boss also provides similar example. In face of high production cost, namely high labor cost in domestic market, more and more fashion retailers choose to outsource their production.Moreover, some fast fashion retailers even have no manufacturing competency (Tokomak 2008). The representatives of this kind of retailers are Gap, H&M and Mango. As they do not own any factories, the only way for them do produce their products is outsourcing. The success of these retailers without factories proves the feasibility of global sourcing strategy. By contrast, when most retailers were busy outsourcing their production to lower cost countries, some fast fashion retails still insist on domestic sourcing strategy, for instance, Ezra, Benton and Marks & Spencer.They held the view that ‘market legibility and lean inventories may be more important than cheap labor' (Tokomak 2008). However, could efficiency really overcome the lost in higher production cost? Maybe no one could answer this question. If we take Ezra as an example and find out where Ezra produce the products, we could develop our own view. As a Spanish company owned by Inedited, Ezra produce its products mainly in Spain and Portugal (Wood 2010). Whereas their competitor found suppliers from worldwide low-cost countries, Ezra choose to produce products near its domestic market.That maximizes time efficiency. In fact, the unit labor costs in these two countries were low enough in the sass (Tokomak 2008), therefore, there is no need for Ezra to outsource its productions to other locations. It has the similar competitive advantage as other companies have, besides, by domestic sourcing and producing Just-in-time, Sara's production cycles are much faster than its competitors. In this respect, it is better for Ezra to adopt the domestic sourcing strategy. However, recent years, the geography of Sara's production network has become diverse.Ezra started to outsource and 34 percent of its production was carried out in Asia (Dickens 2011). Similar situation have also occurred in Benton and Marks & Spencer. On one hand, the unit labor cost among European countries has increased in recent years. On the other hand, the supplier firms in countries like Turkey, India and Asia have gained the ability to meet the higher requirement of flexibility and speed. It is inevitable for fast fashion retailers sourcing from these countries. However, companies should also be aware of the potential risks and hidden cost brought by overseas sourcing.Global sourcing strategy requires close coordination of R&D, manufacturing, and marketing activities on a global basis. Managing geographically separated R&D, manufacturing, and marketing activities, those companies face difficult coordination problems of integrating operations and adapting them to different legal, political, and cultural environments in different countries (Daniels et al 2013). Furthermore, separation of manufacturing activities involves an inherent risk that manufacturing in the value chain will gradually becomes neglected.Such neglect can be costly as continued involvement in manufacturing tends to lead to pioneering product design and innovation over time. An effective global sourcing strategy calls for continual forts to streamline manufacturing without sacrificing marketing flexibility. 3. Time, the growing consideration. With the wide spread of fast fashion' principle, fast fashion retailers are aware of the importance of efficiency. They notice that consumer demand is changing more rapidly and customers more discerning about quality and choice.Although a substan tial cost advantage can be gained by adopting overseas sourcing strategy, it cannot compress time in the supply system. To solve this problem, companies tend to choose the quick response strategy, which focuses on providing shorter lead times. According to Bristle et al (2003), quick response strategy was first developed as a result of the need to compete with offshore manufacturers in the USA. The quick response strategy emphasizes on flexibility and product velocity and relies on a measure of trust in sharing information (Barnes and Lea-Greenwood 2006 p. 63). In addition, while maximizing the diversity of products, quick response could minimize lead-times, expenditure, cost and stock of inventory. Quick response is not merely about reducing lead-time by the use of domestic or nearby sourcing strategy, it also involves the ability to gather latest information and use real-time data to understand the needs of the consumers. To some extent, quick response help to shorten the product cycle times and decrease risks and inventories at each stage of manufacturing and retailing operations.The Spanish Ezra, as mentioned before, is ‘an excellent example of a vertically integrated retailer using quick response methods' (Bristle et al 2003). Despite successful application of the concept â€Å"fast fashion† in H;M and Top Shop, Ezra utilizes the â€Å"fast fashion† strategy in all aspects dominant, fast fashion in Ezra meaner, within only two weeks from concept to sales faster than any other company. Unlike most of its competitors, Ezra still produces most of the products in Spain and Portugal and only outsource basic items in lower cost countries.By adopting quick response strategy, Ezra focused on creating a short, flexible, tight and innovative supply chain and tried to balance the higher labor cost by shorter (3-6 weeks) lead times. As a result, Sara's short deliveries have made it ‘as much as 12 times faster than the competition' (Newsweek 2001, p. 36, cited in Tokomak 2008, p. 30). Ezra launches almost 11000 new products in a year, which meaner the update speed is about two or three times a week. In 2005, sales grew by 21 percent over the prior fiscal year in Ezra, which makes Inedited ahead of H&M for the first time (Daniel et al 2013).The good result indicates that domestic sourcing still works as long as the company finds out a way to compensate for the losses in production cost. Having witnessed the successful experience of Ezra, competitors started to follow the lead of Ezra. For instance, Benton now replenishes stores once a week, Forever 21 Inc. And Unique are able to get new products in store thin 6 weeks (Ordered and Johnson 2008). Another example that worth to be mentioned is the Next brand in the ELK. Base on the quick response strategy, the company uses a limited edition approach to accelerate the update speed.Moreover, in order to respond to the changes in demand as soon as possible, next has even purcha sed part of a multi-national clothing supplier to enable constantly changing ranges by reducing lead time (Bristle et al 2003). As we can learn from the case studies, time becomes a priority consideration in the fashion market. The adoption of quick response method should be able to make manufacturer to ‘adjust the reduction of different styles, colors and sizes in response to retail sales during the season' (Seen 2007). 4.Comparison between overseas sourcing strategy and quick response strategy One of the biggest differences is that overseas sourcing strategy uses cost as a competitive weapon while quick response strategy uses time. As we known, both cost and time are the keys for retailers to gain more market share and profit; The dilemma for fast fashion companies is: Whether fashion retailers should outsource production overseas for lower production cost or keep manufacturing nearby to facilitate speed. As highlighted earlier, the fashion market is volatile and unpredictab le.Quick response strategy emerges in such an environment. Compared to overseas sourcing strategy, which faces long transport times and difficulty in controlling over production, quick response strategy enables retailers to cope with uncertainty or changes in the fashion market. On the other hand, although domestic sourcing provides companies from paying for higher logistic cost and other hidden costs, offshore sourcing secures lower cost inputs, (Christopher et al 2004). It is argued that fast fashion companies need to adopt strategies that optimally mix overseas sourcing ND quick response to win the market.The changes occurred in Marks & Spencer over these years could help us understand the advantages and disadvantages of both strategies. As a major British retailer, it chooses to use local suppliers for decades. However, in face of the downward pressure on price, it abandoned its domestic sourcing strategy and started to relocate production overseas (Christopher et al 2006). Acco rdingly, the average hourly labor cost in the I-J is nine times higher than in Morocco and even nineteen times higher than in China, Pakistan and Indonesia.After adopting oversea suppliers, Marks & Spencer on noticed that they overlooked the related problems, such as the cost of transportation, the need to forecast styles, colors and volumes in advance and the risk of stock inventory. Facing the challenge of adopting global sourcing, Marks & Spencer tend to use â€Å"dual supply chains†. By combing global sourcing strategy and quick response strategy, â€Å"fashionable items† are manufactured in locations with a journey time no more than four days.For â€Å"basic items†, for which demand is easier to be predicted, Marks & Spencer continue producing them in lower cost locations (Christopher et al 2006). Likewise, Ezra has also adopted both strategies for its supply chain. Today, price is no longer the determined factor that concerned by customers. Many companies consider not simply price but also quality, reliability, and technology of components and products to be procured. These companies design their sourcing decision on the basis of the interplay between their competitive advantages and the comparative advantages of various sourcing locations for long-term gains.By contrast, they care more about the quality, design and the level of popularity. Therefore, companies have to find the balance between cost and time. If fast fashion tillers make good use of these two strategies, like M&S and Ezra did, the negative effect could be covered to a large extent. Conclusion Volatile markets, short product lifestyles and high product variety are the characteristics of today are clothing industry. This essay mainly discusses the adoption of two common strategies- global sourcing strategy and quick response strategy, in fast fashion clothing sector.Although most companies already have chosen outsourcing strategy to maintain the competitive advantage, t he nature of today's fashion market forces companies to consider the importance of speed and flexibility. The analysis of both strategies with the help of real companies' experience shows that both of them have positive and negative effects on fast fashion retailers. However, overseas sourcing strategy and quick response strategy are not mutually exclusive. In practice, the successful examples of M&S and Ezra have proved the feasibility of combing global sourcing with quick response strategy.

Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Cancer - Essay Example This often typically leads to a lump or a mass called a tumor, which are usually benign. Malignant cancers are capable of spreading to other organs as in the case of lymphoid vessels. In blood tissue, cells such as the erythrocytes or leucocytes get affected and cause leukemia. This is often characterized by an increase in the viscosity of blood. In this paper, I would like to discuss the commonly occurring types of cancers, causative factors, chemotherapy and radiation as treatment options, expenses and adverse effects associated with these treatment regimens, and the role of a healthy diet to minimize the occurrences of this disorder. Common types of cancers: As stated in the thesis outline, the most frequently observed sarcomas or cancers are those of the liver, breast, colon, prostate and lung, and has been the leading cause of death in the past five decades. Breast cancers are typically observed in post-menopausal women, and thus, it is extremely essential for periodic screening . Mammography is the technique used in this case and is usually recommended annually. Recent trends include biopsy of the breast tissue, followed by analysis for RNA content, as this biotechnology procedure sheds light on the expression of the gene responsible for cancer. A subtle marginal increase in these biological indicators, could suggest the initial phases of breast cancer. (1Popat and Smith, 2006) Prostate cancer, which is exclusive to men, is observed beyond the age of 50. Early detection is key, as the cancer could be prevented from metastasizing by surgical removal of the gland. Diagnostic procedures for liver, lung or pancreatic cancers usually entail a measurement of enzymatic levels in the body, by biochemical assays. For example, the presence of serum based prostate specific antigen (PSA) or Kallikrein indicates the possibility of prostate cancer in men or ovarian cancer in women. Or, elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein are typical in liver cancers due to cirrhosis. ( Ullah and Aatif, 2009) Thus, biomarkers are excellent tools in the early diagnosis of various types of cancers, which help the clinician in designing the appropriate treatment protocol. Chemotherapy and radiation: The management of cancers by the administration of cytotoxic chemical agents is termed as chemotherapy. There has been a surge in the discovery of various chemical classes of cytotoxic compounds in the past few decades. Recent methods of treatment for certain rare forms of cancers include administration of a novel category of biological drugs called monoclonal antibodies. In some conditions, chemotherapy alone cannot control rapidly growing tumors and cancers. In such cases, radiation therapy is often used, either standalone, or in combination with chemotherapy. (Verweij and de Jonge, 2000) Radiation, as the name suggests involves targeting the affected tissue with high-energy electromagnetic rays (beta or gamma rays), which, on account of their short wavelength, have high penetrating powers. The energy associated with this radiation kills cells on contact. A major drawback of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation is their non-selectivity. They cannot differentiate the cancerous from the healthy cells, which results in damage to viable cells, although precision techniques such as the gamma knife are employed. Other unpleasant effects such as hair

Organzational Development The Process of Leading Orginzational Change Essay

Organzational Development The Process of Leading Orginzational Change Case Study 3,4, & 5 - Essay Example Although, they both give individual feelings and perceptions, the first data will take a lot of time because the ideas are not organized in a simpler manner. Not much difference can be noticed from the two data. While meeting Nancy we will majorly focus on the demand that are not being attended to and that need adjustment. The purpose of individual assessment of the team was to mix each other a bit so as to enhance a good understanding of one another. During this assessment it would be possible to realize areas that should be improved and what deficiency is at the working place. In addition to this, it will also ensure that the workers are able to open up to each other. The interrelation will ease the team’s interaction which will enhance maximization of an individual’s output. The instrument that is used was purposely to ensure that the workers are aware of one another discrete working style. It is good to have knowledge of your working partners’ style so as to enhance a good working environment. The instrument was introduced as a way of analyzing individual style of work. Lori describes it as way of letting the workers have a good understanding amongst them, and not to mean that was what they really are. Every member of the team needs to know what style he/she prefers when part of the team. The explanation was done well, although, an improvement on the description should have been enhanced. This is because some employees would make decision without clear understanding of what really describes them. An example is when Cindy objects the word controlling as it has been used to describe someone who seeks attention and lead the rest. She finds the term so negative. Actually controlling does not fully describe someone who follows teams’ decisions. The idea of separating the workers according to the style that they think of themselves was a good idea. They are divided to help us identify what one thinks is the best style to